Designing a cold storage facility for fish requires careful consideration of temperature control, structural integrity, energy efficiency, and operational safety. 

1. Temperature Requirements

Fish storage demands precise temperature control to preserve freshness and prevent spoilage. For short-term storage (1–7 days), a temperature range of 0°C to -4°C is recommended. Long-term storage, particularly for frozen fish, requires lower temperatures, typically -18°C to -25°C, with some deep-freeze applications reaching -60°C for specialty products like high-value seafood. Maintaining stable temperatures is critical to avoid ice crystal formation, which damages cellular structure and affects quality.

2. Structural Design

Insulation: Walls, floors, and ceilings must use high-performance materials such as polyurethane (PU) panels (50–200 mm thickness) with a thermal conductivity ≤7 W/m². These panels are fireproof, waterproof, and lightweight, ensuring minimal heat transfer.

Doors: Heavy-duty insulated doors with airtight seals (e.g., double-sided steel doors) are essential. Automatic door closers and anti-condensation heating strips prevent cold loss and ice buildup.

Layout: Include buffer zones (anterooms) between storage areas and external environments to minimize temperature fluctuations. Designated zones for processing, freezing, and packaging improve workflow efficiency.

3. Refrigeration System

Compressors: Choose energy-efficient models (e.g., screw or scroll compressors) based on cooling capacity. For smaller facilities (e.g., 200 m³), scroll compressors are ideal for reliability and low noise.

Evaporators and Condensers: Use corrosion-resistant, low-temperature evaporators (e.g., aluminum finned coils) and high-efficiency condensers (air-cooled or evaporative types).

Refrigerants: Eco-friendly options like R404A or R507A are preferred for their low global warming potential and performance in sub-zero conditions.

4. Humidity and Airflow Management

Humidity: Maintain 80–95% relative humidity to prevent dehydration or microbial growth. Dehumidifiers and automated misting systems can regulate moisture levels.

Ventilation: Ensure uniform air distribution using ceiling-mounted fans or ducted systems. Proper airflow prevents temperature stratification and ensures consistent cooling.

5. Safety and Operational Features

Alarm Systems: Install temperature/humidity sensors with remote monitoring capabilities. Alerts for deviations or equipment failures are critical for preventing product loss.

Fire and Leak Prevention: Use non-flammable insulation materials and incorporate drainage systems to handle meltwater. Electrical systems must comply with explosion-proof standards.

Accessibility: Design wide aisles for forklifts and trolleys, and use adjustable stainless-steel shelving to maximize space utilization.